24.3 The Log Files: Discovering an Intruder's Tracks

Even if you don't catch an intruder in the act, you still have a good chance of finding the intruder's tracks by routinely looking through the system logs. (For a detailed description of the UNIX log files, see Chapter 10, Auditing and Logging .) Remember: look for things out of the ordinary; for example:

• Users logging in at strange hours

• Unexplained reboots

• Unexplained changes to the system clock

• Unusual error messages from the mailer, ftp daemon, or other network server

• Failed login attempts with bad passwords

• Unauthorized or suspicious use of the su command

• Users logging in from unfamiliar sites on the network

On the other hand, if the intruder is sufficiently skillful and achieves superuser access on your machine, he or she may erase all evidence of the invasion. Simply because your system has no record of an intrusion in the log files, you can't assume that your system hasn't been attacked.

Many intruders operate with little finesse: instead of carefully editing out a record of their attacks, they simply delete or corrupt the entire log file. This means that if you discover a log file deleted or containing corrupted information, there is a possibility that the computer has been successfully broken into. However, a break-in is not the only possible conclusion. Missing or corrupted logs might mean that one of your system administrators was careless; there might even be an automatic program in your system that erases the log files at periodic intervals.

You may also discover that your system has been attacked if you notice unauthorized changes in system programs or in an individual user's files. This is another good reason for using something like the Tripwire tool to monitor your files for changes (see Chapter 9 ).

If your system logs to a hardcopy terminal or another computer, you may wish to examine that log first, because you know that it can't have been surreptitiously modified by an attacker coming in by the telephone or network.